Medical blog

(antenatal) diagnostics allows to reveal in time congenital defects and anomalies at a fruit. Thanks to modern methods diagnostics now it is possible to distinguish various changes of the genetic material, many hereditary illnesses of a metabolism. All methods can be subdivided diagnostics on noninvasive and .
40-year-old and to women more advanced age it is necessary to recommend diagnostics necessarily, 35—39-летним — it is selective, and 30—34-летним — only in rare instances.

Them concern: , , , , .
it is spent to any terms of pregnancy, however in the third trimester and in term till 10 weeks of pregnancy it is used seldom.
Indications for the same as and for all other methods diagnostics, are hereditary (chromosomal) diseases at parents, the diseases connected with hereditary anomalies of a metabolism, a birth in the past at the woman of the child with a chromosomal pathology, the age of the pregnant woman is more senior 35—40 years, positive results of noninvasive methods of diagnostics, presence of ultrasonic signs of a chromosomal pathology at a fruit.
it is spent by means of the special tool through a vagina, on the analysis the material undertakes.
is a puncture (a water cover of a fruit) for the purpose of a capture liquids ( waters) for the analysis.
It apply from 11-12th week, a bowl between 16th and 18th weeks of pregnancy for the purpose of diagnostics of a chromosomal pathology of a fruit, hereditary diseases of an exchange, an estimation of a maturity of a pulmonary fabric.
it can be spent through a belly wall (a bowl of all) or through a vagina it is obligatory under the control of ultrasonic research. In the beginning anaesthesia of a place of a prick is spent, and then by means of a special long needle take water on the analysis.
Risk of complications at 0,5—1 %. Bleedings concern them, an abortion, threat of interruption of pregnancy.
— a puncture of a vein of an umbilical cord for reception blood for the analysis. It is applied at diagnostics of hereditary illnesses of an exchange, diagnostics of a pathology of haemoglobin, definition of group antigenes and a fruit Rhesus factor, diagnostics and treatment a pregnancy Rhesus factor-disputed (to intravenous blood transfusion at illnesses of a fruit).
Most often it is applied, since 18th week of pregnancy. The risk of complications makes 1,5—2,5 %.
— survey of a fruit by means of the special optical device on terms from 16 till 22nd week of pregnancy. it is possible to carry out through a belly wall and through a vagina. Now apply seldom in connection with presence of risk of complications.
— survey a bubble through a vagina by means of optical system. Survey occurs through
The channel of a neck of a uterus at pregnancy term, is more rare — in earlier terms.
it is applied to survey waters which at a pregnancy current have light colouring, transparent with a small amount greasings.
Detection (first-born ), waters and covers can specify green colour in pre-natal suffering of a fruit. The impurity brown can testify to presence a pregnancy Rhesus factor-disputed, illnesses of a fruit, and also about open defects of a gastroenteric path.
Widely it is not applied, and serves as an auxiliary method for diagnosis specification.

Definition of exact term of pregnancy represents some difficulties as it is difficult to establish true term and fertilisations. It is classically defined, that duration of pregnancy proceeds 280 days or 10 months (1 month lasts 28 days). However, cases of a birth mature children are known at the pregnancy lasting of 230-240 days and, on the contrary, of lasting 300 days and more in the absence of signs at kids.

The first method of definition of term of pregnancy is based on the account of date of last . In the presence of regular a cycle (28—31 day), normal last and absence of reception of contraceptives within two months to it can apply formula to definition of presumable date of sorts .

= date of the first day + 7 days — 3 months.
On this formula it is based a calendar.
Also prospective term of sorts can be calculated on assumed . For this purpose from the first day expected, but not come subtract 14 days and to the found figure add 274 days.
It is presumably possible to define term of pregnancy and on the first a fruit: women feel a fruit usually from 20-21st week, and — from 18-19th week of pregnancy.
Also the doctor can define pregnancy term at measurement of the size of a uterus — definition of level or heights of standing of a bottom of a uterus, a stomach circle.

On term of 4 weeks of pregnancy the uterus comes nearer to the size of an egg, and in 8 weeks — goose egg.
By 12 weeks the uterus bottom reaches an upper edge bones. By 16 weeks the uterus bottom rises on level between a joint and a navel, in 24 weeks the uterus bottom is at navel level. The greatest sizes the uterus reaches by 36 weeks — the uterus bottom rises to edges — 32—34 sm, and then by 40 weeks falls on 2—4 uterus Lowering see is connected by that the fruit head falls to an input to a small basin — the kid prepares for sorts.

In definition of term of pregnancy the great value has the ultrasonic research spent to early terms of pregnancy (in the first trimester).
You and can define date of sorts if precisely know conception date, having added to it of 280 days.
Top (more dark) line specifies in number of 1st day of last , and bottom — for prospective date of sorts.

This research of parent blood on , , . For each certain term of pregnancy certain concentration of these substances in blood of mum and their constant parities are characteristic.

The alpha-fetoprotein is synthesised by cages of a liver of an embryo both a bag and in blood of mother and a fruit. Carries out functions of transport of an estrogen and protection of a fruit against a parent estrogen; braking of the immune answer of mother on fatherly antigenes of a fruit.
Concentration in blood of mother correlates with term of pregnancy and weight of a fruit and allows to judge degree of its maturity. At physiological pregnancy concentration progressively increases till 33rd week, and then decreases a little. Excess of level is characteristic for:
— Defects of a nervous tube: , a spinno-brain hernia, ;
— Defects of a forward belly wall: , ;
— Defects of kidneys: , , kidneys;
— Pre-natal  destruction of a fruit;
— a fruit.
Raised levels can be at:
— A hydrocephaly;
— a gullet;
— a duodenal gut;
— A chromosomal pathology.

Besides, raised levels can testify to threat of interruption of pregnancy and an abortion, , placenta pathologies, a fruit. Decrease in level is characteristic for a syndrome of Down.
In some advanced laboratories carry out the analysis on an early marker of a chromosomal pathology RARR (fiber of plasma of blood, with pregnancy) and (3-HG. These analyses allow to suspect a chromosomal pathology on early terms of pregnancy — already of the first trimester.

Ultrasonic research concerns noninvasive methods, and (we already in detail told about them), research on an infection (, a hepatitis, , a herpes, a cytomegalovirus, , a mycoplasma, an ureaplasma, etc.) and definition markers.